Process for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water

ABSTRACT

A process for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water comprising the steps of forming ferric chloride from ferriferrous oxide by reaction with a chloride ion yielding substance, thermally reducing the ferric chloride to produce ferrous chloride, reducing the ferrous chloride to metallic iron, then oxidizing the metallic iron with water so as to produce hydrogen. The metallic iron may be formed by reducing the ferrous compound with hydrogen. Two specific reactant regenerative closed cycle systems are disclosed utilizing the process of this invention for the production of hydrogen and oxygen.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 536,014, filed Dec. 23, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,942, issued Dec. 21, 1976.

This invention relates to chemical processes for the production of hydrogen from water. These processes provide a closed cycle reactant regenerative process for the production of hydrogen from water requiring input of water and heat with removal of hydrogen and oxygen.

Thermochemical cycles to produce hydrogen have been sought in recent years to provide hydrogen for use both as a fuel and as a chemical reactant. Especially in view of ecological and pollution considerations, the use of hydrogen as a fuel has attained greater significance. Hydrogen may be produced from water, a cheap and abundant raw material, and when burned reverts to water, a non-polluting chemical. Hydrogen may be readily stored and transported. Hydrogen also affords extreme flexibility in its utilization as a fuel providing advantages in many ways over present fuels for power sources such as turbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells.

The present commercial method for the production of hydrogen from water is the electrolysis of water into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolysis process is dependent upon electricity, and therefore its economics are dependent upon generating electrical energy which is inefficient and expensive.

Direct thermal decomposition of water is not promising since water starts breaking with a reasonable yield at temperatures of 2500° to 3000° C. These temperatures are not attainable from heat sources such as nuclear reactors. Therefore, chemical cycles for production of hydrogen from water at temperatures attainable from the heat output of nuclear reactors would be desirable. With the greatly expanded use of nuclear reactors, it would be advantageous to utilize the heat given off by the reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen from the water molecule providing a new fuel. High temperature gas reactors have heat output temperatures in the order of 500° to 800° C in the coolant discharge. Recent trends have been toward increases in such heat output temperature and such temperatures in the order of 1000° C. can be expected as a development of present technology. Direct thermochemical processes, utilizing such heat energy, have been sought in recent years.

Various thermochemical cycles for the production of hydrogen from water and the desirability of such production have been reviewed by C. Marchetti in "Hydrogen and Energy", Chemical Economy & Engineering Review, January 1973, (Vol. 5, N. 1).

A four step chemical cycle has been described by G. De Beni in French Pat. No. 2,035,558, Feb. 17, 1970, working with compounds of mercury, bromine and calcium. This process is described as the Mark-1 cycle by Marchetti. The Mark-1 process has disadvantages in requiring the use of highly corrosive chemicals at pressures of in excess of 20 atmospheres, and the use of mercury with its inherent toxicity problems. Marchetti has calculated efficiencies in the order of 55 percent, but actual process problems have not been solved.

Vanadium and chlorine cycles, designated as Mark-3 by Marchetti, have been proposed, J. E. Funk "Thermodynamics of Multi-Step Water Decomposition Processes" ACS Symposium on Non-Fossil Fuels, Volume 16, No. 4, American Chemical Society, 1972, but favorable conditions for reaction have not been found and energy efficiencies are very low.

A process utilizing cesium metal is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,490,871, Jan. 20, 1970. While no experimental work is reported in the patent, it appears the process requires temperatures of at least 1200° C. and presents difficult separations.

A process has been patented by De Beni, Luxemburg Pat. No. 60,372, Feb. 18, 1970, requiring the reduction of Fe₂ O₃ to Fe₃ O₄ at about 1400° C., an impractically high temperature from the standpoint of present technology of nuclear heat sources.

A process has been proposed by C. Hardy, designated as Mark-7 cycle by Marchetti, wherein hydrogen chloride formed in the reaction is transformed into iron chloride which reacts with water to produce hydrogen. We have experimented with similar cycles, but have not been able to successfully regenerate ferrous chloride by reduction of ferric chloride following the described reactions and conditions by Hardy, but have successfully reduced ferric chloride to ferrous chloride by the processes described in this application.

Processes have been suggested in General Electric Company Corporate Research and Development Report No. 73 CRD 222, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York, July 1973, "Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation" by R. H. Wentorf, Jr. and R. E. Hanneman. These processes utilize in one instance, iron, chlorine and magnesium, and in another instance, iodine. These processes have not been proven even on laboratory scale and some of the necessary process steps require large energy inputs resulting in overall low efficiency. U.S. Pat. No. 3,821,358, June 28, 1974, Closed-Cycle Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen, Leonard V. Interrante and Robert H. Wentorf, Jr., relates to an iron, chlorine and magnesium cycle disclosed in the above report.

It is an object of this invention to provide processes for producing hydrogen from water wherein ferriferrous oxide and a chloride ion yielding substance is reacted to produce ferric chloride which is directly reduced with heat to produce ferrous chloride which is reduced with hydrogen to metallic iron and then the metallic iron is oxidized with water to produce hydrogen.

It is a further object of this invention to provide processes for the producton of hydrogen from water in which the reactants other than water are regenerated and the reaction may be conducted in a closed cycle.

It is another object of this invention to provide processes wherein the reaction products are easily separable.

It is another object of this invention to provide processes for the production of hydrogen from water wherein the thermal output of nuclear reactors may be utilized to provide necessary heat.

It is still a further object of this invention to provide processes having high energy efficiency for the production of hydrogen from water.

It is another object of this invention to provide processes for production of hydrogen and oxygen from water wherein the hydrogen is produced in a different reaction site than the oxygen.

It is another object of this invention to provide processes for the production of hydrogen from water wherein the transfer of materials from one reaction site to another takes place in the gaseous phase.

It is still another object of this invention to provide a reactant regenerative closed cycle process for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water wherein ferric chloride is directly reduced with heat to form ferrous chloride.

These and other object, advantages and features of this invention will be apparent from the description together with the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a generalized schematic flow diagram of a process for the production of hydrogen according to this invention wherein the metallic iron is used for the hydrogen producing step;

FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of one embodiment of a reactant regenerative closed cycle process according to this invention as shown in the generalized schematic flow diagram shown in FIG. 1 utilizing hydrogen chloride;

FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of another embodiment of a reactant regenerative closed cycle process of this invention as shown in the generalized schematic flow diagram shown in FIG. 1 utilizing chlorine;

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of one embodiment of this invention using hydrogen chloride as the chloride ion source and metallic iron in the hydrogen production step;

FIG. 4a shows one embodiment of reactor design for ferric chloride thermal reduction; and

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram of one embodiment of this invention using chlorine as the chloride ion source and metallic iron in the hydrogen production step.

This invention provides a process for the production of hydrogen from water comprising the steps of forming ferric chloride from ferriferrous oxide by reaction with a chloride ion yielding substance; reducing the ferric chloride produced directly with heat to produce ferrous chloride, further reducing the ferrous chloride with hydrogen to metallic iron and producing hydrogen by oxidation of metallic iron with water.

The basic process may be described by the following series of chemical equations. When hydrogen chloride is used as the chloride ion yielding substance the reaction may be expressed by the Equation

    Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 8HCl → 2FeCl.sub.3 + FeCl.sub.2 + 4H.sub.2 O XI-2

the reaction of ferriferrous oxide with hydrogen chloride proceeds well at temperatures of about 125° to 300° C. When chlorine is used as the chloride yielding substance the reaction may be expressed by the Equation

    Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 9/2Cl.sub.2 → 3FeCl.sub.3 + 2O.sub.2 XII- 2

the reaction proceeds well with chloride at above about 800° C., the upper limit being governed by process equipment and economic considerations. From a practical standpoint, about 800° to about 1000° C. is suitable.

The ferric chloride produced by the reactions shown by the above equations may be directly reduced to ferrous chloride with heat according to the Equation

    2FeCl.sub.3 → 2FeCl.sub.2 + Cl.sub.2                XI- 3

when hydrogen chloride is used, and the Equation

    3FeCl.sub.3 → 3FeCl.sub.2 + 3/2Cl.sub.2             XII- 3

when chlorine is used. These reactions proceed well at about 250° to 325° C. as long as appreciable quantities of chlorine are removed from the reaction site. In the presence of water or oxygen, low concentrations of which may be present for process operation, the reactions of Equations XI-3 and XII-3, may produce small amounts of a ferrous compound other than the chloride, such as FeOCl. This may be converted to FeCl₃ with hydrogen chloride.

Our application, Ser. No. 390,178, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,257, teaches that the ferric chloride reduction to ferrous chloride may be achieved in the presence of reducing agents such as cuprous chloride, chromous chloride and platinum. It is an object of this invention to eliminate the necessity for such reducing agents and the required regeneration of the reducing agent.

In the present invention, the hydrogen producing step is the oxidation of metallic iron with water. The ferrous compound is reduced to metallic iron using hydrogen according to the Equation

    3FeCl.sub.2 + 3H.sub.2  → 3Fe + 6HCl                XI-4 and XII-4

when either hydrogen chloride or chlorine is used. This reaction proceeds well at about 600° to 1500° C. The metallic iron that is formed is then oxidized with water (steam) according to the Equation

    3Fe + 4H.sub.2 O → Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 4H.sub.2      XI- 1 and XII-1

this reaction proceeds well at about 700° to 1500° C.

Reactions XI-1 and XII-1 may produce various amounts of a non-stoichiometric ferrous compound containing ferrous oxide. The ferrous oxide may be further oxidized with water under the same temperature conditions to produce ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen.

Throughout this description and claims the term "water" is used recognizing that under appropriate process conditions of temperature and pressure, the water will be in its vapor form. Thus, the term "water" refers to both liquid and vapor phases.

Combinations of above reactions, utilized in this invention, are schematically shown in the flow diagram of FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows the basic portion of a closed cycle process of this invention for the production of hydrogen from water wherein solid ferriferrous oxide and gaseous chloride ion yielding substances are provided to a reaction zone for reaction to produce ferric chloride. The ferric chloride is thermally reduced to ferrous chloride. The ferrous chloride is further reduced with hydrogen to produce metallic iron. The metallic iron is then oxidized with steam to produce hydrogen for reduction of the ferrous chloride and removal from the cycle and ferriferrous oxide for recycle. The additional steps of the following described specific closed cycle processes are for reactant regeneration. The flow diagrams of these figures are not chemically balanced, but are presented to show in a simplified manner the overall cycles of reactions discussed above. Further description of the above reactions is set forth in the description to follow setting forth preferred embodiments of this invention in a reactant regenerative closed cycle.

While the above described processes provide a suitable method for the production of hydrogen from water, they require the continuous addition of new reactant chemicals other than water and do not recycle all of the product chemicals. It is highly desirable both from the standpoint of pollution and process economy to minimize undesired products and the necessity of continuous addition of new reactants. By the term reactant regenerative closed cycle system we mean a system which minimizes the addition of reactant chemicals other than water and which minimizes reactant products to be removed from the system except the desired gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.

A five step reactant regenerative closed cycle system is provided utilizing the above basic process with direct reduction of ferric chloride and further reducing the ferrous compound with hydrogen to metallic iron and then oxidizing the metallic iron with water to produce hydrogen by the scheme using hydrogen chloride as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         3Fe + 4H.sub.2 O→Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 4H.sub.2                                                          XI-1                                             Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 8HCl→2FeCl.sub.3 + FeCl.sub.2 + 4H.sub.2                                           XI-2                                             2FeCl.sub.3 →2FeCl.sub.2 + Cl.sub. 2                                                                  XI-3                                             3FeCl.sub.2 + 3H.sub.2 →3Fe + 6HCl                                                                    XI-4                                             Cl.sub.2 + H.sub.2 O→2HCl + 1/20.sub.2                                                                XI-5                                             ______________________________________                                         H.sub.2 O→H.sub.2 + 1/20.sub.2                                          ______________________________________                                    

The process shown by the above formulas denoted XI-1 to XI-5 is schematically shown in the flow diagram FIG. 2.

A similar five step reactant regenerative closed cycle system is provided utilizing the above general process by the process using chlorine as follows: Process Scheme XII

    ______________________________________                                         3Fe + 4H.sub.2 O→Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 4H.sub.2                                                         XII-1                                             Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 + 9/2Cl.sub.2 →3FeCl.sub.3 + 20.sub.2                                               XII-2                                             3FeCl.sub.3 →3FeCl.sub.2 + 3/2Cl.sub.2                                                               XII-3                                             3FeCl.sub.2 + 3H.sub.2 →3Fe + 6HCl                                                                   XII-4                                             6HCl + 3/20.sub.2 →3Cl.sub.2 + 3H.sub.2 O                                                            XII-5                                             ______________________________________                                         H.sub.2 O→H.sub.2 + 1/20.sub.2                                          ______________________________________                                    

The process shown by the above formulas denoted XII-1 to XIII-5 is schematically shown in the flow diagram of FIG. 3.

In the Process Schemes XI and XII the oxidation of metallic iron with water to produce hydrogen follows the same chemical equations, that is, Equations XI-1 and XII-1. The reaction of ferriferrous oxide with a chloride ion producing substance is different depending upon the chloride ion producing substance used, Equation XI-2 when hydrogen chloride is used and XII-2 when chlorine is used. The reduction of ferric chloride to ferrous chloride directly with heat is the same in Process Schemes XI and XII, except as to quantities used, Equation XI-3 when hydrogen chloride is used and the Equation XII-3 when chlorine is used. In Process Schemes XI and XII, the ferrous chloride produced according to Equations XI-3 and XII-3 is further reduced with hydrogen to form metallic iron and hydrogen chloride. These reactions are the same in each instance and are set forth as Equations XI-4 and XII-4. The reaction represented by Equation XI-5 is the reverse, except for quantities, as the reaction represented by Equation XII-5. The reaction resulting in the evolution of oxygen gas as noted above, depends upon the chloride ion producing substance used.

The reaction of Equations XI-1 and XII-1 is the steam-iron reaction which is a well known industrial process for the oxidation of iron. More complete description of the steam-iron reaction may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,620. The reaction is carried out by passing water through a bed of high surface area iron in a flow type reactor at temperature of above about 600° C. The upper limit is governed by equipment and economy considerations. Preferred temperature is about 750° to about 1500° C., especially preferred is about 750° to about 950° C.

The reactions of Equation XI-2 using hydrogen chloride, and XII-2 using chlorine, can be performed in a flow type reactor by passing gaseous hydrogen chloride or chlorine, respectively, over solid ferriferrous oxide. When hydrogen chloride is used solid ferric and ferrous chloride remain and the produced steam exits in the gas stream (Equation XI-2). The reaction of Equation XI-2 may be carried out at about 125° to about 300° C. Preferred temperatures are about 125° to about 250° C. When chlorine is used, gaseous ferric chloride, gaseous dimer ferric chloride and oxygen exit in the gas stream. Suitable temperatures for the reaction of Equation XII-2 are about 800° to about 1000° C. Preferred temperatures are about 875° to about 925° C., 875° to 900° C. being especially preferred. At the temperatures used for this reaction, some of the ferric chloride is in the gaseous dimer state, Fe₂ Cl₆. When the gaseous ferric chloride is cooled to about 450° C. the predominate specie is Fe₂ Cl₆. The Fe₂ Cl₆ condenses to crystalline FeCl₃ at temperatures lower than about 300° C. The dimer has been observed to exist as a condensing gas at temperatures as low as 200° C. Such crystallization takes place on a cool surface such as the reactor exit chamber.

The reactions of Equations XI-3 and XII-3 represent the direct reduction of ferric chloride with heat. According to the reaction, solid ferric chloride decomposes to ferrous chloride and chlorine at temperatures of about 250° to 325° C. Above about 305° C., at one atmosphere, liquid ferric chloride decomposes slightly to ferrous chloride and chlorine, and above about 320° C., gaseous dimer ferric chloride decomposes only very slightly to ferrous chloride and chlorine. At elevated pressures or due to the presence of ferrous chloride and ferriferrous oxides the ferric chloride remains solid at higher temperatures. At about one atmosphere, the preferred temperature is about 250° to about 300° C. However, in this temperature range, the ferric chloride also sublimes. In the vapor state a stable dimer is formed Fe₂ Cl₆. The dimer does not readily decompose and therefore, in order to have the reaction to proceed satisfactorily, a vapor pressure of Fe₂ Cl₆ must be maintained about the FeCl₃ while the Cl₂ produced is removed from the reaction zone.

As expected from thermodynamic (equilibrium) calculations, FeCl₃ tends to decompose to a small extent in the temperature range 250° to 325° C. To achieve desired reduction of FeCl₃ to FeCl₂, the equilibrium of the FeCl₃ - Fe₂ Cl₆ - FeCl₂ - Cl₂ mixture can be displaced by selective removal of Cl₂. By controlling mass transport in a flow reactor and by removing Cl₂ from the reaction site, greater than 30% conversions of FeCl₃ to FeCl₂ can be achieved. One way of selectively removing the chlorine is by allowing it to diffuse with a carrier gas away from the reaction site faster than the dimer can diffuse. FIG. 4a shows a suitable type of reactor module 190 for this conversion. Operating with three or four such modules in series allows virtual completion of the reaction. The reactor shown has three porous media barriers 191, 192 and 193. Examples of suitable materials for the porous media are frittered glass, porous ceramic materials, a sintered metal filter, or a fine, tightly woven felt of webbed fibers.

FeCl₃ is charged on one side of a porous media 192 in the middle zone of the reactor 190. Inert gas, for example argon or nitrogen, flows through the porous media from the higher temperature to the lower temperature zone at a controlled rate. The flow rate, the media porosity, or pressure drop, and the heated zone temperature are important operating parameters. The portion of the reactor 190 on one side of the porous media 192 in which the FeCl₃ is charged is heated to about 250° to 325° C., preferably about 275° to 300° C. The gaseous dimer (Fe₂ Cl₆) is formed, and the appropriate equilibrium vapor pressure develops between FeCl₃ and Fe₂ Cl₆ in that portion of the reactor 190 separated by the porous media 192 holding the FeCl₃ charge. Sublimation of FeCl₃ through the inert gas inlet 194 is checked by the flow of inert gas and also by the porous media 191 toward the gas inlet 194 at the border of the heating zone. The middle porous media 192 holding the FeCl₃ charge retards the flow of the Fe₂ Cl₆ to the other half of the reactor. This allows a large portion of the FeCl₃ to remain in the heated reaction zone as the solid and to decompose to solid FeCl₂ which remains in the heated reaction zone and to Cl₂ which slowly leaves the hot reactor zone with the diluent inert gas through the middle porous media 192. The Cl₂ gas is carried by the inert gas to a Cl₂ separator and scrubbed or adsorbed from the gas stream. The Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer that flows through the middle porous media 192 condenses and crystallizes to FeCl₃ on the cold walls of the upheated zone of the reactor 190, some falling on the porous media 193 toward the gaseous exit. Unreacted FeCl₃ is then in the cooler portion of the reactor.

The conversion is temperature dependent, about 275° to 290° C. is the most preferred temperature range of the heated zone. The unheated zone should be less than about 200° C. in temperature.

If the inert gas flow is too fast or if the porous media is too porous so that it does not sufficiently retard the gas flow, the desired reaction does not proceed satisfactorily. In this case the kinetics of the reduction are slower than the reactant loss rate caused by Fe₂ Cl₆ formation and sublimation away from the reaction zone.

In the inert gas flow is too slow, or if the porous media is not porous enough, the Cl₂ product is not driven from the reaction site and the desired reaction progresses very slowly. Also, Fe₂ Cl₆ leaves the reaction site of its own accord (along with Cl₂), and this depletes the FeCl₃ reactant.

If the reaction site is much warmer than about 325° C., for example, 425° C., where the desired reaction is calculated to have the most favorable equilibrium the competing reaction, 2FeCl₃ → Fe₂ Cl₆, dominates, and very little FeCl₂ is formed. If the temperature is too cool, less than about 225° C., all the reaction kinetics are unsatisfactorily slow.

The reactions represented by Equations XI-5 and XII-5 are the reverse of each other and are gas phase reactions which may be run in a flow reactor. Catalysis is not necessary unless accelerated reaction is desired. Suitable catalysts for the reactions are well known in the art for the Deacon Process. The Deacon Process and suitable catalysts are described more fully in "Recent Developments in the Oxidative Recovery of Chlorine from Hydrochloric Acid", W. F. Engel, M. J. Waale and S. Muller, Chemistry and Industry, pgs. 67-83, Jan. 13, 1962. The reaction of Equation XII-5 is known as the Deacon Process. The reaction of Equation XI-5 is the Reverse Deacon Process, forming gaseous oxygen and gaseous hydrogen chloride which can be readily separated. The reaction of Equation XI-5 can be carried out at above 650° C. with the upper temperature limit governed by the materials of construction. Preferred temperatures are about 750° to about 950° C. The reaction of Equation XII-5 forms steam and gaseous chlorine which can be readily separated. The reaction of Equation XII-5 can be carried out at about 200° to about 650° C. Preferred temperatures are about 350° to about 550° C.

While the reactions have been described separately above, it is seen from FIGS. 2 and 3 that the separate reactions can be advantageously combined to form a reactant regenerative closed cycle. When we refer to reaction zones we do not necessarily mean physically separate volumes, but the same physical volume under different conditions such as temperature or pressure may be referred to as different zones. FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 schematically show the processes described wherein the numbered boxes indicate reaction zones and the numbers in the boxes refer to the reactant zone as described herein.

A preferred embodiment for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water in a five zone reactant regenerative closed cycle is shown in FIG. 2 by providing water and metallic iron to a first reaction zone to produce ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirement of hydrogen to a fifth reaction zone and removing the remainder from the cycle; reacting the ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen chloride in a second reaction zone to produce ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, and water, providing the ferrous chloride to a fifth reaction zone and providing the water formed to the first reaction zone; thermally reducing the ferric chloride in a third reaction zone to produce ferrous chloride and chlorine, providing the ferrous chloride to the fifth reaction zone and the chlorine to a fourth reaction zone; providing water to the fourth reaction zone to produce oxygen and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the second reaction zone and removing oxygen from the cycle; and reducing with hydrogen in a fifth reaction zone the ferrous chloride from the second and third reaction zones to produce metallic iron and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the second reaction zone, providing the metallic iron to the first reaction zone. While it is necessary to provide the stoichiometric amount of hydrogen to the fifth reaction zone, the excess hydrogen may be removed from the cycle by removal from the first or fifth reaction zone.

Another preferred embodiment of a process for production of hydrogen and oxygen from water in a five zone reactant regenerative closed cycle is shown in FIG. 3 by providing water and metallic iron to a first reaction zone to produce ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirement of hydrogen to a fifth reaction zone and removing the remainder from the cycle; reacting the ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen chloride in a second reaction zone to produce ferric chloride and oxygen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirement of oxygen to a fourth reaction zone, removing the remainder from the cycle and providing the ferric chloride to a third reaction zone; thermally reducing the ferric chloride in a third reaction zone to produce ferrous chloride and chlorine, providing the ferrous chloride to the fifth reaction zone and the chlorine to the second reaction zone; reducing with hydrogen in a fifth reaction zone the ferrous chloride from the third reaction zone to produce metallic iron and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the fourth reaction zone, providing the metallic iron to the first reaction zone; and reacting the hydrogen chloride and oxygen in the fourth reaction zone to produce water and chlorine, providing the water to the first reaction zone and the chlorine to the second reaction zone. While it is necessary to provide the stoichiometric amount of hydrogen to the fifth and oxygent to the fourth reaction zone, the excess hydrogen may be removed from the cycle by removal from the first or fifth reaction zone and the excess oxygen from the second or fourth reaction zone.

FIGS. 4 and 5 show suitable process flow diagrams utilizing the regenerative closed cycle process scheme denoted as XI and XII, respectively. The process may use a series of sets of similar reactors and process cycles operated in parallel but out of phase with respect to process steps. The number of sets or parallel process cycles depends upon the reaction kinetics and is chosen to best match the process energy transfer requirements. Such operation allows for an optimum heat transfer pattern and good overall efficiency. For sake of clarity one set of reactors is used to describe the process. It also should be recognized that to maximize specific plant operations it may be desirable to provide reactors of somewhat different configuration and interior design for some of the phases of operation. For full scale plant operation it may be desirable to modify specific configurations, reactors, number of reactors and techniques as recognized by one skilled in the art to accomplish the chemical reactions as set forth in the description below with respect to the specific process flow diagrams of FIGS. 4 and 5. Such engineering modifications are considered to be within the scope of our invention.

In FIG. 4, Phase I shows reactor 20(A) and reactor 40(B) where the reactions of Equations XI-1 and XI-2 are carried out. Reactor 20(A) has a packed bed of metallic iron. Water (steam) is passed through the bed where the reaction of Equation XI-1 occurs at a temperature of above about 600° C. The solids are converted to ferriferrous oxide and the gaseous hydrogen exits from the top of the reactor 20(A), some of which is removed from the process, the rest is passed to Phase III. The hydrogen removed may be further purified or used directly as required.

In Phase I, reactor 40(B) contains a packed bed of ferriferrous oxide. After the reaction of Equation XI-1 has been completed in reactor 20(A) the solid product composition remaining in reactor 20(A) is the same as that of reactor 40(B) before the reaction of Equation XI-2. The hydrogen chloride is passed through reactor 40(B) maintained at about 225° C. where the reaction of Equation XI-2 takes place. The ferrous chloride product is non-volatile and will remain in the reactor bed. The water and some of the volatile ferric chloride leaves reactor 40(B) and passes through a condenser 45 which collects the ferric chloride. The water is then recycled for utilization in reactor 20(A). Reactor 40(B) in Phase I is fed with hydrogen chloride from Phase II and Phase III. After Phase II the end product in reactor 40(B) is ferrous chloride. Because the composition of this reactor must be identical to that in reactor 20(A) of Phase I, a third phase (Phase III) is required. In Phase III the ferrous chloride in reactor 40(B) is reduced with hydrogen from Phase I to metallic iron as described in the reaction of Equation XI-4 at 900° C. The hydrogen chloride product is passed to Phase I reactor 40(B).

Phase III includes the reaction of Equation XI-3 and is performed in the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 as Phase II wherein reactor 40(B) is the same as reactor 40(B) in Phase I and in the condition after reaction of Equation XI-2 has occurred. Inert gas, such as helium or nitrogen, is passed through the ferric chloride condenser 45 wherein the ferric chloride sublimes from the condenser and is recycled to reactor 40(B) where the reaction shown by Equation XI-3 takes place at a temperature of about 280° C. The inert gas is then recirculated in a closed cycle by blower 46. The volumetric flow rate of inert gas can be small, just enough to give flow direction to the subliming ferric chloride. The gas leaving reactor 40(B) consists of inert gas and chlorine. The reaction of Equation XI-3 has been described in greater detail earlier and the reactor 40(B) for this reaction as shown in FIG. 4a has been described.

The inert gas and chlorine gas leaving reactor 40(B) in Phase II are separated in a scrubbing column 47 or by physical adsorption equipment. If scrubbing is used, water is added to the system in the scrubbing column. The chlorine-water mixture is passed from the scrubbing column 47 through a reboiler 48, vaporized and passed through reactor 60(C) where the reaction shown by Equation XI-4 takes place at 800° C. The hydrogen chloride and oxygen products of reactor 60(C) are passed through a scrubber 61 and the hydrogen chloride separated and returned to the cycle of Phase I reactor 40(B). The oxygen product from the scrubber 61 is removed from the cycle for storage or for direct use as oxygen in another chemical process. Alternatively, not shown in FIG. 4, oxygen and hydrogen chloride may be separated by physical adsorption.

It is noted from FIG. 4, as in all of the cycles of process schemes of this invention, that there is no transport of solids necessary in the process, all of the material transport from one reaction site to another occurring by the gaseous phase. This feature is important to obtain high energy efficiencies.

In FIG. 5, Phase 1 shows the reactors 120(A) and 140(B) where the reactions of Equations XII-1 and XII-2 are carried out. Reactor 120(A) has a packed bed of metallic iron. Water (steam) is passed through the bed where the reaction of Equation XII-1 occurs at a temperature of above about 600° C. The solids are converted to ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen when exits from the top of reactor 120(A), some of which is removed from the process, the rest is passed to Phase III. The hydrogen removed may be further purified or used directly as required.

In Phase I, reactor 140(B) contains a packed bed of ferriferrous oxide. After the reaction of Equation XII-1 has been completed in reactor 120A the solid product composition remaining in reactor 120(A) is the same as that of reactor 140(B) before the reaction of Equation XII-2. Chlorine gas is passed through reactor 140(B) maintained at about 925° C. where the reaction of Equation XII-2 takes place. The oxygen and the volatile ferric chloride leave reactor 140(B) and pass through a condenser 145 which collects the ferric chloride. Part of the oxygen produced is removed from the process, the remainder goes to reactor 170(C) where reaction XII-4 takes place. An optional method would be to pass all of the oxygen to reactor C and remove the unreacted oxygen from the process there.

Hydrogen chloride from Phase III and at least part of the oxygen from reactor 140(B) are passed through reactor 170(C) at 325° C. where the reaction of Equation XII-4 takes place. The chlorine and water products are then separated in Cl₂ separator 171 passing the water to reactor 120(A) and the chlorine to reactor 140(B) for Phase I. Because the contents of reactor 140(B) must become identical to that in reactor 120(A) of Phase I, a third phase (Phase III) is required. In this phase the ferrous chloride in reactor 140(B) is reduced with hydrogen from reactor 120(A) Phase I to metallic iron as described in the reaction of Equation XII-4 at 900° C. The hydrogen chloride product is passed to reactor 170(C).

Phase II includes the reaction of Equation XII-3 and is performed in the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 as Phase II wherein reactor 140(B) is the same as reactor 140(B) in Phase I and in the condition after reaction of Equation XII-2 has occurred. Inert gas such as helium or nitrogen, is passed through the ferric chloride condenser 145 and is recycled to reactor 140(B) where the reaction shown by Equation XII-3 takes place at a temperature of about 280° C. The inert gas is then recirculated in a closed cycle by blower 146. The volumetric flow rate of inert gas can be small, just enough to give flow direction to the subliming ferric chloride. The gas leaving reactor 140(B) consists of inert gas and chlorine.

The inert gas and chlorine gas leaving reactor 140(B) in Phase II are separated in a scrubbing column 147 or by physical adsorption equipment. The chlorine is then passed to reactor 140(B) in Phase I.

The energy efficiency of the process as shown in FIG. 2 and in Process Scheme XI has been calculated to be 40 percent. The calculation can be summarized by the total heat input to the cycle per mole of hydrogen produced due to the ideal heat requirement of all endothermic reactions and material streams, which is +281 kcal; and due to the ideal heat available from all exothermic reactions and material streams, which is -213 kcal; and due to the additional heat required because of process step temperature levels which necessarily produce waste heat, which is +49 kcal; and due to step work requirements for which further additional heat is needed, which is +54 kcal. Thus, the total process heat requirement is +170 kcal per mole of hydrogen produced. The theoretical heating value of hydrogen per mole is 68.3 kcal. Thus, the energy efficiency is expressed as ##EQU1## and is computed to be 40 percent for the cycle shown in FIG. 2.

The energy efficiency of the process as shown in FIG. 3 and in Process Scheme XII has been calculated to be 30 percent. The calculation can be summarized by the total heat input to the cycle per mole of hydrogen produced due to the ideal heat requirement of all endothermic reactions and material streams, which is +291 kcal; and due to the ideal heat available from all exothermic reactions and material streams, which is -222 kcal; and due to the additional heat required because of process step temperature levels which necessarily produce waste heat, which is +113 kcal; and due to step work requirements for which further additional heat is needed, which is ±45 kcal. Thus, the total process heat requirement is +226 kcal per mole of hydrogen produced. The theoretical heating value of hydrogen per mole is 68.3 kcal. Thus, the energy efficiency is expressed as ##EQU2## and is computed to be 30 percent for the cycle shown in FIG. 3.

All of the processes of this invention can be carried out at low pressures. Pressures of about 0.5 to about 5 atmospheres are suitable. Pressures of about 1 atmosphere are preferred. However, reactions XI-1 and XII-1 can be operated at elevated pressures to produce hydrogen at high pressure, if desired, limited only by materials of construction.

Reactors and process equipment can be of suitable material as will be obvious to one skilled in the art. For example, glass and ceramic lined reactors are suitable.

While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention. 

We claim:
 1. In a reactant regenerative closed cycle process for the production of hydrogen from water the steps comprising:reacting solid ferriferrous oxide and a gaseous chloride ion yielding substance selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and chlorine at temperatures of about 125° to about 300° C when hydrogen chloride is used and about 800° to about 1000° C when chlorine is used to produce ferric chloride; thermally reducing the ferric chloride at temperatures of about 225° to about 325° C to produce ferrous chloride; reducing the ferrous chloride to metallic iron at temperatures of about 600° C. to about 1500° C.; and then oxidizing the metallic iron with steam at temperatures of about 600° to about 1500° C to produce hydrogen and ferriferrous oxide and recycling said ferriferrous oxide for reaction with said gaseous chloride ion yielding substance and using some hydrogen produced for reducing the ferrous chloride and removing the remainder of the hydrogen from the cycle.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermal reduction is carried out at temperatures of about 275° to 300° C.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein a vapor pressure of Fe₂ Cl₆ is maintained above the ferric chloride during said thermal reduction and the chlorine produced is removed from the thermal reduction reaction zone.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermal reduction takes place in one zone at about 250° to 325° C and a second zone is maintained at less than about 200° C condensing and crystallizing the Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer to ferric chloride while chlorine is removed from the reaction site.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein hydrogen chloride is used and the reaction to produce ferric chloride is carried out at about 125° to about 250° C.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein chlorine is used and the reaction to produce ferric chloride is carried out at about 875° to about 925° C.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the metallic iron is oxidized with steam at about 750° to about 950° C.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermal reduction is carried out in a reactor divided by porous media, said ferric chloride being charged on one side of said porous media, maintaining the portion of the reactor containing the ferric chloride at about 225° to 325° C. and maintaining the portion of the reactor on the other side of said porous media at below about 200° C; and flowing an inert gas through said porous media from the higher temperature to the lower temperature portion of the reactor, said inert gas carrying through the media gaseous Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer and chlorine while said ferric chloride is reduced to ferrous chloride.
 9. The process of claim 8 wherein said porous media is selected from the group consisting of fritted glass, porous ceramic materials, sintered metal and fine, tightly woven felt of webbed fibers.
 10. The process of claim 1 for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water in a five zone reactant regenerative closed cycle comprising the steps:reacting steam and metallic iron in a first reaction zone at temperatures of about 600° to about 1500° C to produce ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirement of hydrogen to a fifth reaction zone and removing the remainder from the cycle; reacting the ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen chloride at temperatures of about 125° to about 300° C in a second reaction zone to produce ferric chloride, ferrous chloride and steam, providing the ferrous chloride to a fifth reaction zone and providing the steam formed to the first reaction zone; thermally reducing the ferric chloride at temperatures of about 225° to about 325° C in a third reaction zone to produce ferrous chloride and chlorine, providing the ferrous chloride to the fifth reaction zone and the chlorine to a fourth reaction zone; reacting steam with chlorine at a temperature above about 650° C. in the fourth reaction zone to produce oxygen and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the second reaction zone and removing oxygen from the cycle; and reducing with hydrogen in a fifth reaction zone the ferrous chloride from the second and third reaction zones at temperatures of about 600° to about 1500° C to produce metallic iron and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the second reaction zone and providing the metallic iron to the first reaction zone.
 11. The process of claim 1 for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water in a five zone reactant regenerative closed cycle comprising the steps:reacting steam and metallic iron in a first reaction zone at temperatures of about 600° to about 1500° C to produce ferriferrous oxide and hydrogen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirements of hydrogen to a fifth reaction zone and removing the remainder from the cycle; reacting the ferriferrous oxide and chlorine at a temperature of about 800° to about 1000° C in a second reaction zone to produce ferric chloride and oxygen, providing at least the stoichiometric requirement of oxygen to a fourth reaction zone, removing the remainder from the cycle and providing the ferric chloride formed to a third reaction zone; thermally reducing the ferric chloride at temperatures of about 225° to about 325° C in a third reaction zone to produce ferrous chloride and chlorine, providing the ferrous chloride to the fifth reaction zone and the chlorine to the second reaction zone; reducing with hydrogen in a fifth reaction zone the ferrous chloride from the third reaction zone at temperatures of about 600° to about 1500° C to produce metallic iron and hydrogen chloride, providing the hydrogen chloride to the fourth reaction zone, providing the metallic iron to the first reaction zone; and reacting the hydrogen chloride and oxygen at temperatures of about 200° to about 650° C in the fourth reaction zone to produce steam and chlorine, providing the steam to the first reaction zone and the chlorine to the second reaction zone.
 12. The process of claim 10 wherein said thermal reduction takes place in one zone at about 250° to 325° C. and a second zone is maintained at less than about 200° C. condensing and crystallizing the Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer to ferric chloride while chlorine is removed from the reaction site.
 13. The process of claim 12 wherein a vapor pressure of Fe₂ Cl₆ is maintained above the ferric chloride and the chlorine produced is removed from the reaction zone.
 14. The process of claim 10 wherein said thermal reduction is carried out in a reactor divided by porous media, said ferric chloride being charged on one side of said porous media, maintaining the portion of the reactor containing the ferric chloride at about 225° to 325° C. and maintaining the portion of the reactor on the other side of said porous media at below about 200° C.; and flowing an inert gas through said porous media from the higher temperature to the lower temperature portion of the reactor, said inert gas carrying through the media gaseous Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer and chlorine while said ferric chloride is reduced to ferrous chloride.
 15. The process of claim 11 wherein said thermal reduction takes place in one zone at about 250° to 325° C. and a second zone is maintained at less than about 200° C. condensing and crystallizing the Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer to FeCl₃ while Cl₂ is removed from the reaction zone.
 16. The process of claim 15 wherein a vapor pressure of Fe₂ Cl₆ is maintained above the ferric chloride and the chlorine produced is removed from the reaction zone.
 17. The process of claim 11 wherein said thermal reduction is carried out in a reactor divided by porous media, said ferric chloride being charged on one side of said porous media, maintaining the portion of the reactor containing the ferric chloride at about 225° to 325° C. and maintaining the portion of the reactor on the other side of said porous media at below about 200° C.; and flowing an inert gas through said porous media from the higher temperature to the lower temperature portion of the reactor, said inert gas carrying through the media gaseous Fe₂ Cl₆ dimer and chlorine while said ferric chloride is reduced to ferric chloride. 